Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants 
of Newfoundland and Labrador

by Susan J. Meades, Stuart G. Hay, and Luc Brouillet

This publication was supported in part by the following sponsors:

Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden
Nature Conservancy of Canada
Newfoundland and Labrador Dept. of Forest Resources and Agrifoods
Parks Canada
Western Newfoundland Model Forest Inc.

March 25, 2000
(including revisions to date: June 10, 2000)
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario

Table of Contents

Introduction 	1

List of Vascular Plants present in Newfoundland and Labrador

	Fern Allies 	11

	Ferns 	16

	Gymnosperms 	25

	Angiosperms 

		Eudicots 	27

		Monocots 	128

Appendix I: Plants excluded from the flora (erroneous reports). 	191

Appendix II: Cultivated Plants excluded from the flora 	211

Bibliography	219

Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Newfoundland and Labrador

by Susan J. Meades, Stuart G. Hay, and Luc Brouillet

Introduction

In 1978, Oxen Pond Botanic Park published a checklist, prepared by Ernest Rouleau, of the Province's vascular plants (Rouleau 1978). This publication was based on fieldwork funded by the Wildlife Division and summarized over 22 years of the author's botanizing in Newfoundland.  This checklist is still an indispensable reference of all botanists and many naturalists in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Over the years, much of the nomenclature has changed and several new botanical discoveries have been made by researchers, as well as amateur naturalists, in Newfoundland.  Also, some species previously  reported from the province have been shown not to occur here.  These errors were based largely on misidentifications of existing herbarium material or by misapplication of some names.  This current revision of Rouleau's checklist incorporates changes in the nomenclature, new reports, and appendices for species excluded from the flora.

It is the intention of the authors to provide as complete and accurate account of the vascular flora of Newfoundland and Labrador as possible.  When an herbarium record existed for a questionable report, the identity could be checked.  However, some erroneous reports originate from accounts in the early literature.  When no herbarium record was reported in this literature and no subsequent proof has been found of the existence of the species in question within the reported range, these accounts have been rejected.  While it is easy to verify the presence of a species in a given area through herbarium records, it is more difficult to rule out a report.   If any mistakes have been made, corrections will be gratefully accepted.  In such cases, researchers are requested to provide information from the herbarium label and details of the report to the authors.

The accuracy of complex groups and verification of ranges has been checked, whenever possible, with the recognized specialist in that group (see Acknowledgements). When available, treatments from the Flora North America Series have been followed (Flora North America Editorial Committee, 1993, 1997, 1999 [online version]).  For genera with no current authorities, nomenclature generally follows Kartesz (1999).

Research and compilation of the revised checklist was started in 1995 by the primary author, Susan J. Meades, with the assistance of Dr. Stuart Hay, Université de Montréal.  Later, a provincial list of accepted names, compiled by Dr. Luc Brouillet, Université de Montréal, was provided for comparison.  These two lists have been combined to produce the current checklist, a collaborative effort of the three authors. Additional information on Labrador distributions was obtained from a series of unpublished maps of distributions within Labrador, compiled by Ernest Rouleau and housed at Université de Montréal.  Some new reports, previously unreported, have resulted from field work conducted by the authors and their colleagues in recent years.  Also, many new herbarium records and reports have been provided by John Maunder (Newfoundland Museum) and Henry Mann (Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland).  The accuracy of new provincial reports was checked at the Université de Montréal Herbarium by Stuart G. Hay.  Many verified reports also have been provided by the researchers listed in the acknowledgements.  Unfortunately, funding was not available to allow most specimens in other herbaria to be checked.

The type of information provided in this checklist and the abbreviations used are explained in the following sections.

Elements of the Annotated Checklist

To make the revised checklist more useful, common names (in English and French), general range, and major synonyms have been included.  Some entries also included notes about scarcity ranks, range extensions, nomenclatural problems, or questionable reports.  Below is a sample entry for a braya (Brassicaceae). Features of the checklist are noted by the numbers (1-11).  Brief explanations for each item are followed by more detailed explanations.

[N]1	Braya fernaldii2 Abbe3
	Fernald's braya4, Fernald's rockcress; Fr: braya de Fernald5.  Newfoundland endemic6; nwNfld.7; calc8.
		[=Braya americana (Hook.) Fern. p.p.]9 - type: Cape Norman, nwNfld.10
		[=Braya purpurascens (R.Br.) Bunge var. fernaldii (Abbe) B. Boivin]
		[The reference in Fernald (1950: 712) to another species of Braya from the Northern Peninsula likely refers to densly villous plants of Braya fernaldii that are diseased (possible viral infection). Plants of B. fernaldii with sterile, infected shoots and fertile, normal shoots have been found on the same plants in populations at Watt's Point (Meades 1996b).  Braya fernaldii, classified as rare in Nfld., is found in frost-disturbed areas of limestone barrens along the coast of the Great Northern Peninsula (Bouchard et al., 1991). Braya fernaldii is listed as 'threatened' in Canada.]11
  
	 1 presence in Newfoundland [N] and/or Labrador [L]
	 2, 3	scientific name (currently accepted binomial) and authority
	 4, 5 common names in English and French, local common names are designated by (NF)
	 6, 7 general global range and general provincial range
	 8 specific habitat preferences, if restrictive
	 9 synonymy, including basionyms whenever possible
	 10 type location - if type was described from NF specimens
	 11 annotations: notes about known locations, questionable reports, or taxonomic problems. 

Provincial Presence
  
Within brackets in the left-hand margin, presence in Labrador and insular Newfoundland is denoted by the abbreviations [L] for Labrador and [N] for the island.  When a  report cannot be confirmed, a question mark '?' is placed next to the appropriate region, i.e., [L?N] indicates that the species is confirmed for insular Newfoundland but not for Labrador.

Introduced species are designated by a lower case 'i.' When the species is introduced in each part of the province, the 'i' appears to the right of the brackets; if the species is introduced in only part of the province, the 'i' is placed inside the brackets, directly after the appropriate abbreviation. For example, [LN] i  refers to a plant that is introduced throughout the province, while [LNi] denotes a plant that is native in Labrador, but introduced on the island, such as Arabis arenicola. When an introduction has been found to be short-lived, the abbreviation 'e' is used to designate the species is ephemeral in Newfoundland.  These species have not naturalized in the Province and many have disappeared after one year.  Some ephemerals may be repeat introductions, such as grass species that are introduced in birdseed.  Such plants may be found repeatedly, but this is due to independent introductions rather than successful survival of Newfoundland winters.

These single letter abbreviations are used only to designate provincial presence.   To avoid confusion between reference to the Province of Newfoundland and the Island of Newfoundland, the standard abbreviation 'NF' is used when referring to the Province as a unit.  The abbreviation 'Nfld.' is used only in reference to insular Newfoundland.

Scientific Names and Authorities
  
Accepted scientific names appear in bold letters; introduced species (both established and ephemeral) are also italicized.  The Latin binomial is followed by the scientific authority - the person who described the species. In some instances, a name or combination has been published by more than one authority at different times.  For example: Hultén (1968) and Scoggan (1978) list the authorities of Minuartia rubella as (Wahlenb.) Graebn., while other references use (Wahlenb.) Hiern.  Literature research shows that (Wahlenb.) Hiern is the correct citation, since Hiern published this combination in 1899 [Jour. Bot. (Lond.) 37: 320, 1899], prior to the Graebner work on Minuartia, which was published in 1918 [Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5(1): 727, 1918].  When two or more different authorities are seen in the literature, both names, along with publication dates, have been included in this checklist so the reader will know which authority is correct and which should be rejected.  The example given above appears in this checklist as follows:
  
	Minuartia rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern 1899, non Graebn. 1918.
  
While information on more than one authority may be given, it is only necessary to cite the author of the earliest combination; the dates and subsequent author(s) can be ignored.  So, when including Minuartia rubella in a publication, it is only necessary to write Minuartia rubella (Wahlenb.) Hiern.  

Abbreviations for authorities follow the standards used in Brummit and Powell's 1992 publication, Authors of Plant Names.  An online version of this database is available also (see bibliography).

Common Names
  
The inclusion of common names was considered an important part of this checklist.  While professional botanists are comfortable with Latin names, there are increasing requests from amateur naturalists, tourists, and local people to provide common names for our flora.  The common names used in this checklist were obtained from many sources, the most useful of which were Gray's Manual (Fernald 1950) and Newcomb's Wildflower Guide (Newcomb 1977) for English names, and Flore Laurentienne (Marie-Victorin 1995) and the Fleurbec series for French names.  Many other manuals and Internet sites were consulted to find existing names.

Mr. Marc Favreau, of the Translation Bureau, reviewed all the French names for accuracy and provided necessary corrections.  When an appropriate common name could not be located by the authors, Mr. Favreau  researched these names and also coined names for species lacking a common name.  A few names, unique to the islands of St. Pierre and/or Miquelon, have also been included, thanks to Mr. Favreau.

Where a common name is considered unique to the Province, such as bakeapple for Rubus chamaemorus or chuckleypear for the Amelanchier species, these names are indicated as local and the names used in other areas follow.  For example, under Vaccinium vitis-idaea, the following common names appear: partridgeberry (NF); mountain cranberry, foxberry (mainland Canada), lingonberry (Scandinavia); Fr: airelle rouge, berri (Miquelon).

Range
  
The general range (i.e., circumpolar, boreal, temperate) is provided for each species, followed by the range within Newfoundland and Labrador.  The latter range is strictly a reflection of herbarium collections and published records.  Ranges may be more extensive than indicated here, and additional accounts, accompanied by verifiable proof, are welcomed by the authors.  Using Minuartia rubella as an example, the range is listed as 'Arctic-alpine circumpolar; thr. Lab., S to w/n/cNfld.'  So, we see that the species has a circumpolar range, which extends south throughout Labrador to western, northern, and central Newfoundland. 

Range Abbreviations

Throughout the checklist, the following abbreviations are used in the general range descriptions:
  
	NA 	- North America
	SA 	- South America
	CA 	- Central America
	temp. 	- temperate regions
	trop. 	- tropical regions
	disj. 	- disjunct distribution

- or for provincial ranges:
  
	NF 	- the Province of Newfoundland
	Nfld. 	- insular Newfoundland
	Lab. 	- Labrador
   
	intr. 	- introduced
	thr. 	- throughout

Similar abbreviations are used for both portions of the province.
The range for each abbreviations is described below, but it is easier to refer to the two figures for the corresponding regions.

- within Labrador:
  
	w 	- western portions of Labrador.
	n 	- northern Labrador, N of the Churchill River Basin.
	c 	- central (Lake Melville/Churchill River Basin).
	s 	- southern Labrador (including se),
		  west & south of the Churchill River Basin.
	se 	- southeast corner, mainly the Strait of Belle
	       Isle area.
	
- within insular Newfoundland:
  
	w 	- western Nfld. (including sw), extending     through Gros Morne National Park, south to    Channel-Port au Basques.
	sw - southwest Nfld., from south of the Port au
	       Port to Channel-Port au Basques.	
	n 	- north (includes both nw & ne),
		  extends across the northern part of Nfld., 
		  and is divided into nw and ne.
	nw - northwest Nfld., the Great Northern
		  Peninsula, extending N of Gros Morne NP.
	ne - northeast Nfld., from White Bay
s 	- southern Nfld., from Channel-Port au Basques    east, through the Burin, to the Isthmus.
	c 	- central or interior Nfld.
	e 	- eastern Nfld. (including se) includes the
		  Avalon Peninsula and the Isthmus.
	se	- southeast Nfld. corresponds to the southern 
		  Avalon Peninsula.

Geographic subdivisions of the province used in this checklist are for convenience only; they do not correspond, except in a general sense, to ecoregions or floristic zones.  For descriptions and information on the ecoregions of insular Newfoundland, see Damman (1983); for Labrador, see W.J. Meades' ecoregions of Labrador in S.J. Meades (1990).

Specific Habitat Preference
  
Habitat preferences, if characteristic of the species, are provided after the range.  Abbreviations are as follows:
  
	acid.	- usually restricted to acidic substrates, such as granitic bedrock or acidic bogs.
	aq.	- restricted to fresh water aquatic habitats, such as ponds or streams. 
	calc.	- usually restricted to calcareous or basic substrates, such as limestone barrens or dolomite.
	hal.	- usually restricted to coastal habitats influenced by salt water, such as salt marshes, brackish water, 
		   and sea beaches.
	nitr.	- usually restricted to nitrogen rich substrates, such as bird cliffs.
	serp.	- usually restricted to ultrabasic and ultramafic substrates, such as serpentine barrens or outcrops.
	snowbeds 	- usually restricted to alpine snowbeds or snowmelt areas.

Synonymy
  
When trying to identify plants collected in our province, a variety of texts are often used.  Scoggan's Flora of Canada (1978) is the only reference that encompasses all of our flora.  However, Scoggan's keys are not accompanied by plant descriptions, though good notations are given on distributions throughout Canada.  Some prefer to use the illustrated 'Britton and Brown' (Gleason 1952) or Gleason and Cronquist's (1963, 1991) Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern U.S. and Adjacent Canada, but these references do not cover northern species, which make up a good portion of our flora, particularly in Labrador.  The most comprehensive text, Gray's Manual of Botany (Fernald 1950) covers most of the Newfoundland flora, including the Newfoundland endemics described by Fernald, but excludes high-arctic elements.  These species can be found in either Porsild's work on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Porsild 1964) or Hultén's Flora of Alaska (Hultén 1968).  Descriptions of our Cordilleran disjuncts can be found in Porsild and Cody (1980).

Because the 1952 edition of 'Britton and Brown' dropped many northern species, the old 1913 edition, reprinted by Dover in 1970, is used by many serious naturalists visiting Newfoundland.  This three-volume work is still available at Gros Morne National Park's interpretation centre book store.  The nomenclature in this book is much older than that found in current Gleason publications, but in some cases it is now more useful.  For example, in an upcoming volume of Flora North America, the knotweed genus, Polygonum, has been divided again into Polygonum, Persicaria, and Fallopia, (Hinds, pers. com.); some of these currently accepted names were also used in the old 1913 edition of 'Britton and Brown.' 

Synonyms are listed after the species names and range information, beginning with the basionym of the currently accepted name.  Remaining synonyms are listed in alphabetical order.  Whenever possible, the basionym (original name) is provided for each binomial.  This feature was included to help student botanists follow nomenclatural changes.

Differences in nomenclature make reference between the various texts rather complicated for those who do not use these references on a regular basis.  To facilitate the use of different texts, the accepted scientific names found in each of the following manuals have been included in synonymy.  Not all names that appear as synonyms in each text have been included, however, as this would greatly increase the length of the checklist.  Texts and publications that were used to obtain synonyms include:
        -	The Rare Vascular Plants of the Island of Newfoundland. (Bouchard, et al. 1991)
        -	Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. (Britton & Brown. 1913 (1970 reprint).
        -	Gray's Manual of Botany, 8th edition. (Fernald 1950, reprinted 1970.)
        -	Flora of North America, Vols. 2, 3.  (Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993.)
        -	The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, (1974 Printing), 3 Vols. (Gleason 1952).
        -	Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. (Gleason & Cronquist 1963, 1991).
        -	Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. (Hultén 1968) 
        -	A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland, second edition. 2 Vols. (Kartesz 1994). 
        -	Newcomb's Wildflower Guide (Newcomb 1977).
        -	Illustrated Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. 2nd ed. (Porsild 1964). 
        -	Vascular Plants of the Continental Northwest Territories. (Porsild & Cody 1980). 
        -	Rouleau's List of Newfoundland Plants. (Rouleau 1978).
        - 	Atlas of the Vascular Plants of the Island of Newfoundland and of the Islands of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (Rouleau and Lamoureux 1992).
        -	The Flora of Canada. 4 Vols.  (Scoggan 1978).

In addition, names from Fernald's major publications on his Newfoundland travels, published in Rhodora (Fernald 1911, 1926, and 1933), are also included in the synonymy.  These references still provide excellent information about the location of endemic and rare species in Newfoundland, but the nomenclature is, as expected, out of date in many cases.

All names used in Rouleau's 1978 Checklist have been cross-referenced in the current checklist.  Synonyms from other sources have not been indexed, as this would double the size of the document, however, as a computer file or Internet site, finding names is very easy with the search feature of the browser or word processor.

Type Locations
  
If known, type locations are noted when the type specimen is from a location in Newfoundland or Labrador. In many cases, the location is very general (type: i.e., Newfoundland) as more information is found, this information will be updated.

Annotations
  
This last section includes notes about a species scarcity, notable range extensions, questionable reports, or taxonomic problems.  Since scarcity ranks change frequently according to new information, the actual ranks have not been included, but rare species are indicated.  The Rare Vascular Plants of the Island of Newfoundland (Bouchard et al. 1991) describes those species in the Island's flora that are rare (S1, S2, S3) or historically present (SH); changes to these ranks are mentioned in the appropriate notes.  A revision of the rankings currently is being undertaken by the Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre (AC-CDC).

Occasionally, information about the location of an herbarium specimens is provided in the notes. The standard herbarium abbreviations apply, with the exception of two Newfoundland institutions that do not have official anacronyms.  In this checklist, we use NFM to refer to the Newfoundland Museum Herbarium, St. John's Newfoundland, and SWGC to refer to Sir Wilfred Grenfell College Herbarium, MUN, Corner Brook, which also houses the I.J. Green agricultural collection.

Corrections
  
Comments and/or corrections to this database are welcome.  Researchers are requested to please include label information from verified herbarium material.  New reports or corrections may be sent to S.J. Meades (sjmeades@sympatico.ca) or herbarium specimens may be sent on loan to Dr. Stuart G. Hay (Herbier Marie-Victorin, I.R.B.V., Université de Montréal, 4101 est, rue Sherbrooke, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2) for verification.

Appendices
  
Separate appendices are included for species that have been excluded from the provincial flora.  These plants fall into two categories:
  
	1) 	Species that have been reported erroneously from the Province.  In some cases, these reports are based on misidentifications of existing herbarium material.  In other instances, reports date back to old literature references that are not supported by an herbarium record.  If no corroborating proof could be found, these reports have been deemed invalid.  These plants are denoted in the left margin by an 'n' and appear in Appendix I.
  
	2) 	Cultivated species that have persisted from their planted location, but have not spread or naturalized. These plants are denoted in the left margin by a 'c' and appear in Appendix II.

Acknowledgements
  
Over the last 5 years, requests for information on species ranges, current nomenclatural trends, or authority problems have been made to many researchers.  Some have spent considerable time reviewing families treatments and providing corrected information.   The authors would like to thank the following people for their generous contributions of time and information.
  
	Dr. George Argus (retired, Natl. Museum of Canada; Salix)
	Dr. Peter W. Ball (Erindale College, Univ. of Toronto; Carex)
	Dr. Harvey Ballard (Ohio University; Viola)
	Dr. Richard Bateman (Keeper of Botany, Natural History Museum, London; Dactylorhiza)
	Michelle Boivin (Laval, Callitriche)
	Dr. Chris Campbell (Univ. of Maine - Amelanchier)
	Dr. Fred Case (Saginaw, Michigan; orchids)
	Dr. Paul Catling (Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa; orchids)
	Dr. Jacques Cayouette (Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa; Carex)
	Dr. Adolf Ceska (British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC; Asplenium)
	Dr. Jerry Chmielewski (Slippery Rock Univ., Pa; Antennaria)
	Dr. Ross Clark (Eastern Kansus Univ.; Nemopanthus)
	Mr. Fred Cowell (Timmins, Ont.; Dactylorhiza)
	Dr. William Crins (MNR, Ontario; Carex)
	Dr. Garrett Crow (Univ. New Hampshire; Sagina)
	Dr. Thomas J. Delendick (Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Acer)
	Dr. Stephen Downie (University of Illinois; Euphrasia)
	Dr. Hardy Eshbaugh (retired, Miami Univ., Ohio; Empetrum)
	Dr. Kancheepuram N. Gandhi (Harvard Univ.; nomenclature)
	Mr. Steve Glenn (Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Nemopanthus)
	Dr. Craig W. Greene (College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, Me.; Calamagrostis)
	Dr. Erich Haber (National Botanical Services; Pyrolaceae)
	Dr. James G. Harris (Utah Valley State College, Orem, Utah, Braya)
	Dr. Robert Haynes (Univ. of Alabama; Zannichellia; Triglochin)
	Dr. Barre Hellquist (North Adams State College, Mass.; Nuphar, Triglochin, Potamogeton)
	Dr. Hal Hinds (Univ. of New Brunswick; Polygonaceae)
	Dr. Peter Hoch (Missouri Botanical Garden; Epilobium)
	Dr. John T. Kartesz (Univ. of North Carolina; nomenclature)
	Dr. Genny Kline (Northern Illinois University; Agrimonia)
	Dr. Robert Kiger (Carnegie Mellon Univ.; Liliaceae)
	Dr. Gisèle Lamoureux (Fleurbec; Nuphar in Labrador)
	Dr. Elias Landolt (Geobotanisches Institut, Zürich; Lemna)
	Dr. James Luteyn (New York Botanic Garden; Limonium)
	Dr. David Murray (Univ. of Alaska; Papaver)
	Dr. Robert Naczi (Northern Kentucky Univ.; Carex)
	Dr. Donald Padgett (Southwest Missouri State Univ.; Nuphar)
	Dr. James Pringle (Royal Botanic Garden, Hamilton, ON; Gypsophila)
	Dr. Antoni Reznicek (Univ. of Michigan; Carex)
	Dr. John C. Semple (Univ. of Waterloo; Solidago)
	Dr. Charles Sheviak (New York State Museum; Cypripedium, Platanthera)
	Dr. Billie L. Turner (Univ. of Texas, Austin; Thermopsis)
	Dr. Suzanne Warwick (Agriculture Canada; Brassicaceae)
	Dr. Stan Welsh (Brigham Young Univ.; Astragalus, Hedysarum, Oxytropis)
	Dr. Alan Whittemore (Missouri Botanic Garden; Ranunculaceae)

French common names were provided or edited by Marc Favreau, Translator/Language Advisor with the Department of Science and Technologies, Translation Bureau, Public Works & Government Services of Canada.  The accuracy of these names has been greatly improved by Marc's careful attention to detail and his understanding of the nuances of the French, English, and Latin languages.
  
In addition to reports from fieldwork by the authors, new species reports and range extensions for Newfoundland and Labrador have been obtained from many sources, including the following.  Their contributions are most greatly appreciated, not just for the reports, but for their companionship in the field.
  
	Mr. Henry Mann (Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland, Corner Brook)
	Mr. John Maunder (Newfoundland Museum)
	Dr. Andre Bouchard (Université de Montréal)
	Dr. Luise Hermanutz (Memorial Univ. Newfoundland, St. John's)
	Dr. Howard Clase (Memorial Univ. Newfoundland, St. John's)
	Mr. Michael Collins (Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's)
	Mr. Todd Boland (St. John's, Nfld.)
	Mr. Michael Burzynski (Rocky Harbour, Nfld.)
	Ms. Anne Marceau (Rocky Harbour, Nfld.)
	Ms. Marilyn Anions (Ottawa, Ont., formerly of Rocky Harbour, Nfld.)
	Ms. Isobel Watts (Goose Bay, Labrador)
	Mr. Lawrence Johnson (Reddon, Ontario; Piperia)
Rare Plant Group (NFRPP, 1999), a cooperative field effort funded through the Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre [principle investigators: Marilyn Anions (GMNP), Doug Ballam (Parks and Natural Areas Division, NDTCR), Luc Brouillet (IRBV), René Charest and Claudia Hanel (AC-CDC), Nathalie Djan-Chékar (Endangered Species Program, NLDFRA), Stuart Hay (IRBV), Lawrence Lavers (Pasadena District Office, NLDFRA), Henry Mann (Grenfell College, MUN), John Maunder (Nfld. Museum, NLDTCR), Susan J. Meades (Sault Ste. Marie), Beth Pollock and Carson Wentzell (GMNP).]

Thanks is also extended to Mr. Ken Baldwin (CFS, Sault Ste. Marie) for the use of his reference collections and to Mr. René Charest (Laval, Que.) for obtaining copies of required articles from the library at Laval. 

Computer support, copying, editing, and proofreading duties, as well as general emotional, financial, and field support has always been unselfishly provided by the primary author's family, Dr. W.J. Meades, Ms. Debra Meades, and Mr. Shawn Meades, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.  I'm sure they are most happy to see this project finalized.

Rob Rainer, of the Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre, Sackville, NB, and Nathalie Djan-Chékar, Nfld. & Labrador Dept. of Forest Resources and Agrifoods are also gratefully acknowledged for their time and effort in soliciting funds for this project.

The authors also extend sincere appreciation to Mr. John Maunder, Newfoundland Museum, for designing the website on which this checklist is available now <http://www.nfmuseum.com/meades.htm>.

Finally, financial support to bring this checklist into the public domain was obtained, in part, for the following organizations.  Their contribution is greatly appreciated.

	Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden
	Nature Conservancy of Canada
	Newfoundland and Labrador Dept. of Forest Resources and Agrifoods
	Parks Canada
	Western Newfoundland Model Forest Inc.