Appendix I

Species Excluded from the Provincial Flora

This appendix includes species that have been reported erroneously from Newfoundland and Labrador, either through  misidentification of existing herbarium records or misapplication of the nomenclature.   Although these species may appear in other databases as present in the province of Newfoundland, such reports are unvalidated.  Each name listed below is cross referenced in the main checklist.  If the report was based on a misidentification, a reference to the correct species is provided.  If no proof of a species occurrence in the Province was found, based on herbarium records, the report was considered unvalidated and cross referenced to this Appendix, usually with no additional comment.

Fern Allies
  
Equisetaceae  Horsetail Family
 n 	[Equisetum Xnelsonii (A.A. Eaton) J.H. Schaffn. (pro. sp.) (laevigatum x variegatum)]
	Nelson's horsetail; Fr: prele de Nelson.  This hybrid horsetail is known from Québec and the Great Lakes.
		[=Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr var. nelsonii A.A. Eaton]
		[=Hippochaete nelsoni (A.A. Eaton) Farw.]

Isöetaceae  Quillwort Family
 n 	[Isoëtes riparia Engelm. ex A. Braun]
	shore quillwort; Fr: isoète riparien.  Temp. eNA, aq.
		[=Calamaria riparia (Engelm. ex A. Braun) Kuntze]

Lycopodiaceae  Clubmoss Family
 n 	[Lycopodium hickeyi W.H. Wagner, Beitel, & R.C. Moran]
	Hickey's tree-clubmoss; Fr: lycopode de Hickey.  nTemp. eNA.
		[=Lycopodium obscurum L. var. isophyllum Hickey]
 n 	[Lycopodium obscurum L.]
	flatbranched tree-clubmoss, common groundpine; Fr: lycopode obscur.  nTemp. eNA.

Ferns
  
Dryopteridaceae  Wood Fern Family
 n 	[Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth ex Mertens var. cyclosorum Rupr.]
	northwestern lady fern; Fr: athyrie fougère femelle du nord-oeust.  Boreal wNA, disj. in Que., Ont.
		[=Athyrium filix-femina subsp. cyclosorum (Rupr.) C. Christensen in Hultén]
		[=Athyrium filix-femina var. sitchense (Rupr.) Rupr. ex Moore]
		[=Athyrium sitchense Rupr.]
 n 	[Dryopteris Xtriploidea Wherry (carthusiana X intermedia)]
	triploid woodfern; Fr: dryoptère triploïde.  sBoreal eCanada.
		[=Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz &Thell. var. fructuosa (Gilbert) C.V. Morton]
		[=Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Müll.) Watt var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell]
		[=Nephrodium spinulosa (no rank) fructuosa Gilbert]
		[Although considered the most common Dryopteris hybrid in eCanada, neither Cody & Britton (1989) nor FNA vol. 3 (1993) mentions a report of Dryopteris Xtriploidea from NF.]
 n 	[Gymnocarpium disjunctum (Rupr.) Ching]
	western oak fern; Fr: dryoptère disjointe.  Amphi-Beringian.
		[=Polypodium dryopteris L. var. disjunctum Rupr.]
		[=Dryopteris disjuncta (Rupr.) C.V. Morton] - nom. illeg.
		[=Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newm. subsp. disjunctum (Rupr.) Sarvela]

Pteridaceae  Maidenhair Fern Family
 n 	[Adiantum pedatum L.]
	northern maidenhair fern; Fr: adiante du Canada.  Temp. eNA.
 n 	[Cryptogramma acrostichoides R.Br. in Franklin]
	American rockbrake, parsleyfern; Fr: cryptogramme faux-acrostic.  Boreal wNA (disj.), Asia.
		[=Allosorus crispus (L.) Röhl. var. acrostichoides (R.Br.) Milde]
		[=Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R.Br. ex Hook. var. acrostichoides (R.Br.) C.B. Clarke] 

Gymnosperms

Cupressaceae Juniper Family
 n 	[Juniperus communis L. var. montana Aiton]
	common juniper; Fr: genévrier commun.  Boreal Eurasia, wNA, Greenland.
		[=Juniperus alpina (Smith) S.F. Gray]
		[=Juniperus communis subsp. nana (Willd.) Syme]
		[=Juniperus communis var. saxatilis Pallas]
		[=Juniperus nana Willd.]
		[=Juniperus sibirica Burgsb.]

Angiosperms
  
Eudicots

Aceraceae - see Sapindaceae

Amaranthaceae  Amaranth Family  (including Chenopodiaceae)
 n	[Atriplex franktonii Taschereau]
	Frankton's orache; Fr: arroche de Frankton.  Coastal eCanada (NB, NS, PEI); hal.
		[Bassett et al. (1983) show one collection in Nfld., but no voucher specimen has been found. S.G. Hay et al. (1990) reports that Taschereau expressed doubt about the validity of this report.]
 n	[Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. in Lam. & DC.]
	triangle orache, spearleaf orache; Fr: arroche hastée.  Temp. NA, cosmopolitan; hal.
		[=Atriplex hastata sensu Aellen, auct. non L.]
		[=Atriplex patula L. subsp. hastata sensu H.M. Hall & Clements 1923, non (L.) H.M. Hall & Clements]
		[=Atriplex patula var. hastata auct. non (L.) A. Gray]
		[=Atriplex triangularis Willd.]

Apiaceae  Parsley Family  (excluding Hydrocotyle)
 n	[Angelica archangelica L.] 
	Norwegian angelica; Fr: angélique vraie, angélique des confiseurs.  wEurasian.
		[=Angelica officinalis Hoffm.]
 n	[Conioselinum gmelini (Cham. & Schltdl.) Steud.] 
	Gmelin's hemlock parsley; Fr: coniosélinum de Gmelin.  Beringian (wNA, eAsia).
		[Ligusticum gmelini Cham. & Schltdl.]
 n	[Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke in J.D. Hook.]
	hairy sweetcicely; Fr: osmorhize de Clayton.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Myrrhis claytonii Michx.]
		[=Washingtonia claytonii (Michx.) Britton]

Asteraceae  Daisy Family
 n	[Antennaria alpina (L.) Gaertn. subsp. porsildii (Ekman) Chmiel.]
	Porsild's alpine pussytoes; Fr: antennaire de Porsild.  Arctic eNA, Greenland, nScandinavia.
		[=Antennaria porsildii Ekman]
		[=Antennaria alpina var. glabrata J. Vahl]
		[=Antennaria alpina var. porsildii (Ekman) T. Sørensen]
		[=Antennaria glabrata (J. Vahl) Greene]
 n	[Antennaria glabrifolia Fernald]
	smoothleaf pussytoes; Fr: antennaire à feuilles glabres.  Quebec.
		[Labrador reports of Antennaria glabrifolia probably refer to collections from Saguenay Co. (Labrador Peninsula), eQue.]
 n	[Antennaria media Greene subsp. compacta (Malte) Chmiel.]
	Rocky Mt. pussytoes; Fr: antennaire compacte.  Arctic-alpine (high arctic) NA; calc.
		[=Antennaria compacta Malte]
		[=Antennaria frieseana (Trautv.) Ekman subsp. compacta (Malte) Hultén]
 n	[Antennaria neglecta Greene]
	field pussytoes; Fr: antennaire négligée.  Temp.-sBoreal NA.
 n	[Antennaria parvifolia Nutt.]
	small leaf pussytoes, Nuttall's pussytoes; Fr: antennaire à petites feuilles.  Boreal wNA.
 n	[Antennaria pulcherrima (Hook.) Greene]
	showy pussytoes; Fr: antennaire magnifique.  Subarctic-Boreal NA; calc.
		[=Antennaria carpathica (Wahlenb.) R.Br. var. pulcherrima Hook.]
 n	[Antennaria rosea Greene]
	rosy pussytoes, pink everlasting; Fr: antennaire rosée.  Boreal wNA, ?cordilleran disjunct.
		[=Antennaria confinis Greene]
		[=Antennaria rosea subsp. confinis (Greene) R.J. Bayer]
		[The presence of true Antennaria rosea in Nfld. is questionable; more study is required to determine its status in the province (J. Chmielewski, pers. comm., 2000).]
 n	[Antennaria umbrinella Rydberg]
	umber pussytoes; Fr: antennaire ombre.  wNA.
 n	[Arnica alpina (L.) Olin]
	alpine arnica; Fr: arnica alpine.  Scandinavian.
		[=Arnica montana L. var. alpina L.]
 n	[Arnica louiseana Farr]
	Lake Louise arnica; Fr: arnica du lac Louise.  Mountains of Alberta, near Lake Louise.
 n	[Aster macrophyllus L.]
	largeleaf aster; Fr: aster à grandes feuilles, pétouane.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass.]
 n	[Bidens tripartitus L.]
 	threepart beggarticks, trifid burrmarigold; Fr: bident à trois divisions, chanvre d’eau.  Eurasian.
 n	[Centaurea debeauxii Godr. & Gren. subsp. thuillieri Dostál]
	meadow knapweed; Fr: centaurée de Thuillier.  European.
		[=Centaurea pratensis Thuill., non Salisb.]
		[=Centaurea thuillieri (Dostál) J. Duvign. & Lambinon]
 n	[Centaurea nigrescens Willd.]
	doubtful knapweed; Fr: centaurée noirâtre.  European.
		[=Jacea nigrescens (Willd.) Soják]
 n	[Centaurea scabiosa L.]
	scabious knapweed; Fr: centaurée scabieuse.  Eurasian.
		[=Acrocentron scabiosa (L.) Á. & D. Löve]
 n	[Crepis nicaeensis Balbis ex Pers.]
	French hawksbeard; Fr: crépis de Nicée.  European.
 n	[Erechtites hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC.]
	eastern burnweed, pilewort; Fr: érechtite à feuilles d’épervière, crève-à-yeux.  Temp. eNA; intr. in ?Nfld.
		[=Senecio hieraciifolius L.]

 n	[Eupatorium maculatum L. var. foliosum (Fernald) Wiegand]
	spotted Joe-Pye weed; Fr: eupatoire maculée.  Temp. NA.
		[=Eupatorium purpureum L. var. foliosum Fernald]
 n	[Eupatorium purpureum L.]
	purple Joe-Pye weed; Fr: eupatoire pourpre.  Temp. NA.
 n 	[Eurybia compacta G.L. Nesom]
	slender aster; Fr: aster grêle.  Coastal seUS.
		[=Aster gracilis Nutt.] - nom. illeg.
 n 	[Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene]
	slender fragrant goldenrod, slenderleaf goldenrod ; Fr: verge d'or à feuilles étroites.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Erigeron carolinianum L.]
		[=Euthamia tenuifolia (Pursh) Nutt.]
		[=Solidago tenuifolia Pursh]
 n	[Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal var. quasiperennis Lunell]
	curlycup gumweed, resinweed; Fr: grindélie squarreuse, herbe à gomme.  wNA.
 n	[Helianthus annuus L.]
	common sunflower; Fr: tournesol, soleil, hélianthe annuel.   Temp. wNA; intr. St. Pierre & Miquelon
 n	[Hieracium Xmarianum (pro. sp.) (gronovii X venosum)]
	Maryland hawkweed; Fr: épervière de Maryland.  seNA.
		[=Hieracium pennsylvanicum Fries]
 n	[Hieracium scabrum Michx.]
	rough hawkweed; Fr: épervière scabre.  Temp. eNA.
		[A single NF report of Hieracium scabrum Michx. by Waghorne (1898) is unconfirmed.]
 n	[Inula helenium L.]
	elecampane; Fr: inule aulnée.  Eurasian.
 n	[Ionactis linariifolius (L.) Greene]
	stiff aster; Fr: aster à feuilles de linaire.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Aster linariifolius L.]
 n	[Krigia dandelion (L.) Nutt.]
	potato-dandelion; Fr: krigie pissenlit.  Temp. eUS.
		[=Tragopogon dandelion L.]
		[=Adopogon dandelion (L.) Kuntze]
		[=Cynthia dandelion (L.) DC.]
 n	[Lactuca hirsuta Muhl. ex Nutt. var. sanguinea (Bigelow) Fernald]
	hairy woodlettuce; Fr: laitue hirsute.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Lactuca sanguinea Bigelow]
 n	[Madia sativa Molina var. congesta Torr. & Gray]
	Chilean tarweed; Fr: madia cultivé.  wUS and Chile.
 n	[Oclemena Xblakei (Porter) G.L. Nesom (pro. sp.) (acuminata X nemoralis)]
	Blake's aster; Fr: aster de Blake.  Occurs within overlapping range of parent species.
		[=Aster nemoralis Solander ex Aiton var. blakei Porter]
		[=Aster Xblakei (Porter) House (pro. sp.)]
 n	[Packera pseudaurea (Rydb.) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve var. semicordata (Mack. & Bush) D.K. Trock & T.M. Barkley]
	streambank ragwort; Fr: séneçon à feuilles semi-cordées.  Boreal wNA.
		[=Senecio semicordatus Mackenzie & Bush]
		[=Senecio aureus L. var. semicordatus (Mackenzie & Bush) Greenm.]
		[=Senecio pseudaureus Rydb. subsp. semicordatus (Mackenzie & Bush) G.W. Douglas & Ruyle-Douglas]
		[=Senecio pseudaureus var. semicordatus (Mackenzie & Bush) T.M. Barkley]
 n 	[Prenanthes alba L.]
	white rattlesnakeroot, white lettuce; Fr: prenanthe blanche.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Nabalus albus (L.) Hook.]
 n	[Solidago altissima L. var. gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Semple]
	tall goldenrod, late goldenrod; Fr: verge d’or haute, verge d’or très elevée.  Temp. c/wNA (prairies).
		[=Solidago canadensis L. var. gilvocanescens Rydb.]
		[=Solidago gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Smyth]

 n	[Solidago canadensis subsp. elongata (Nutt.) Keck]
	Canada goldenrod; Fr: verge d’or du Canada.  Boreal wNA (BC to sCal.).
		[=Solidago elongata Nutt.]
		[=Solidago canadensis var. elongata (Nutt.) M. Peck]
		[=Solidago lepida DC. var. elongata (Nutt.) Fernald]
 n	[Solidago cutleri Fernald]
	alpine goldenrod; Fr: verge d'or alpine, verge de Cutler.  Alpine eUS (New England, nNY); acid.
		[=Solidago virgaurea L. alpina Bigelow]
 n 	[Solidago latissimifolia Mill.]
	Elliott's goldenrod; Fr: verge d'or d'Elliott.  Coastal plain, eUS.
		[=Solidago elliottii Torr. & Gray]
 n	[Symphyotrichum ascendens (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom]
	western aster; Fr: aster ascendant.  wNA.
		[=Aster ascendens Lindl.]
 n	[Symphyotrichum foliaceum (Lindl. ex DC.) G.L. Nesom]
	leafybract aster; Fr: aster foliacé.  Boreal wNA.
		[=Aster foliaceus Lindl. ex DC.]
 n 	[Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom]
	New England aster; Fr: aster de la Nouvelle Angleterre.  Temp. NA.
		[=Aster novae-angliae L.]
		[=Lasallea novae-angliae (L.) Semple & Brouillet]
		[=Virgulus novae-angliae (L.) Reveal & Keener]
 n 	[Symphyotrichum novi-belgii var. crenifolium (Fernald) J. Labrecque & Brouillet]
	New York aster; Fr: aster de la Nouvelle-Belgique.  Endemic to the Gaspé Peninsula, NB.
		[=Aster foliaceus var. crenifolius Fernald]
		[=Aster crenifolius (Fernald) Cronquist]
		[=Aster novi-belgii var. crenifolius (Fernald) J. Labrecque & Brouillet]
		[=Symphyotrichum crenifolium (Fernald) G.L. Nesom]
 n	[Symphyotrichum novi-belgii var. villicaule (A. Gray) J. Labrecque & Brouillet]
	New York aster; Fr: aster de la Nouvelle-Belgique.  Boreal eNA.
		[=Aster longifolius Lam. var. villicaulis A. Gray]
		[=Aster johannensis var. villicaulis (A. Gray) Fernald]
		[=Aster novi-belgii var. villicaulis (A. Gray) B. Boivin]
 n	[Symphyotrichum subspicatum (Nees) G.L. Nesom]
	Douglas' aster; Fr: aster de Douglas.  Boreal wNA.
		[=Aster subspicatus Nees]
		[=Aster douglasii Lindl. in Hook.]
 n	[Symphyotrichum Xtardiflorum (pro. sp.) (cordifolium X puniceum)]
		[This hybrid aster occurs in temp. eNA., within the overlapping range of parent species.]
		[=Aster tardiflorus L.]
		[=Aster novi-belgii var. tardiflorus (L.) A.G. Jones, p.p.]
		[Symphyotrichum novi-belgii var. tardiflorum (L.) Nesom]
 n	[Symphyotrichum tradescantii (L.) G.L. Nesom]
	Tradescant’s aster; Fr: aster de Tradescant.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Aster tradescantii L.]
		[=Aster saxatilis (Fernald) Blanch.] - nom. illeg.
		[=Aster vimineus Lam. var. saxatilis Fernald]
 n	[Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) Symons]
	marsh dandelion; Fr: pissenlit palustre.  European.
		[=Leontodon palustre Lyons]
		[=Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H. Wigg. var. palustre (Lyons) Blytt p.p.]
 n	[Tripleurospermum maritimum (L.) W.D.J. Koch subsp. maritimum]
	seashore chamomile; Fr: matricaire maritime.  Eurasian.
		[=Chamomilla maritima (L.) Rydb.]
		[=Matricaria inodora L. var. maritima (L.) Wahlenb.]
		[=Matricaria maritima L.]

Betulaceae  Birch Family
 n	[Betula Xhornei B.T. Butler (pro. sp.) (kenaica x  nana)]
	Horne's birch; Fr: bouleau de Horne.  Boreal NA; where the parent species ranges overlap.
		[=Betula Xungavensis Lepage]
 n	[Betula nana L.]
	arctic dwarf birch; Fr: bouleau grêle, bouleau nain d'Europe.  Arctic NA, nEurasia.
		[=Betula exilis Sukaczev]
		[=Betula glandulosa Michx. var. sibirica (Ledeb.) C.K. Schneid.]
		[=Betula nana subsp. exilis (Sukaczev) Hultén]
		[=Betula nana var. sibirica Ledeb.]
 n	[Betula occidentalis Hook.]
	western birch, water birch; Fr: bouleau fontinal.  Cordilleran wNA.
		[=Betula fontinalis Sarg.] 
		[=Betula microphylla Bunge var. fontinalis (Sarg.) M.E. Jones] 
		[=Betula papyrifera Marshall var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg.]
 n 	[Betula Xsargentii Dugle (pumila [glandulifera] x glandulosa)]
	Sargent's birch; Fr: bouleau de Sargent.  Boreal NA; where the parent species ranges overlap.
		[Lepage (1976) reports Betula Xsargentii from Alberta to eQue.]
  
Boraginaceae  Borage Family
 n	[Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.Bieb.]
	small bugloss; Fr: lycopside des champs, buglosse des champs.  European.
		[=Lycopsis arvensis L.]
		[=Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston]
  
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Mustard Family
 n	[Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britton) O.E.Schulz]
	smallflower bittercress; Fr: cardamine de sables.  Temp. NA; often calc.
		[=Cardamine arenicola Britton]
 n	[Cochlearia danica L.]
	Danish scurvygrass; Fr: cranson du Danemark.  nEurope; intro. in St. Pierre & Miquelon.
 n	[Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton subsp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling]
	green tansymustard; Fr: sagesse à fruits courts, moutarde tanaisie verte.   Temp. wNA.
		[=Sisymbrium brachycarpon Richardson]
		[=Descurainia pinnata var. brachycarpa (Richardson) Fernald]
		[=Sophia pinnata (Walter) Howell var. brachycarpa (Richardson) Farw.]
 n 	[Draba lactea Adams var. allenii (Fernald) G.A. Mulligan]
	Allen's whitlowgrass; Fr: drave d'Allen.  Arctic-alpine eNA.
		[=Draba allenii Fernald]
 n	[Draba longipes Raup]
	longstalk whitlowgrass; Fr: drave à longs pédicelles.  Arctic-alpine wNA; snowbeds.
		[The photographic report of Draba longipes, a wNA species, from Red Bay, sLab., by Titford & Titford (1995), undoubtedly refers to another Draba species; no collection was made.]
 n	[Draba praealta Greene]
	tall whitlowgrass; Fr: drave élevée.  Subalpine wNA, calc.
 n	[Rorippa islandica (Oeder) Borbás]
	Iceland yellowcress; Fr: rorippe d’Islande.  Eurasian.
		[=Sisymbrium islandicum Oeder]

Caryophyllaceae  Pink Family
 n	[Arenaria norvegica Gunnerus]
	Norwegian sandwort; Fr: sabline de Norvège.  nEurope.
 n	[Cerastium regelii Ostenf. subsp. caespitosum (Malmgren) Tolm.]
	Regel's chickweed; Fr: céraiste de Regel.  High-arctic circumpolar (disj.); calc.
		[=Cerastium caespitosum Malmgren]

 n 	[Lychnis alpina L. subsp. alpina]
	alpine campion; Fr: lychnide alpin.  Europe; serp.
		[=Gastrolychnis alpina (L.) Tolm. & Roshev.]
 n	[Minuartia arctica (Steven ex Sér.) Graebn.]
	arctic sandwort; Fr: sabline arctique.  Arctic beringian.
		[=Arenaria arctica Steven in DC. ex Sér.]
 n	[Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw.]
Michaux's sandwort, rock sandwort; Fr: sabline de Michaux.   Arctic-alpine circumpolar.
		[=Alsine michauxii Fenzl]
		[=Arenaria michauxii (Fenzl) J.D. Hook.]
		[=Arenaria stricta Michx.]
		[=Arenaria stricta Michx. var. uliginosa (Schleich. ex Lam. & DC.) B. Boivin]
		[=Arenaria uliginosa Schleich. ex Lam. & DC.]
 n	[Minuartia obtusiloba (Rydb.) House]
	twinflower sandwort; Fr: sabline à lobes obtus.  Boreal cordilleran (wNA).
		[=Alsinopsis obtusiloba Rydb.]
		[=Arenaria obtusiloba (Rydb.) Fernald] 
		[=Arenaria sajanensis auct. non Willd. ex Schltdl.]
		[=Minuartia sajanensis auct. non (Willd. ex Schltdl.) House]
 n 	[Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern]
	vernal sandwort, spring sandwort; Fr: sabline vernale.  Temp. wNA, Europe.
		[=Arenaria verna L.]
 n	[Silene sorensenis (B. Boivin) Bocquet]
	Sorensen’s catchfly; Fr: silène de Sorensen.  Arctic NA.
		[=Lychnis sorensenis B. Boivin]
		[=Lychnis triflora R.Br. in Ross]
		[=Melandrium triflorum (R.Br.) J.Vahl]
		[=Wahlbergella triflora (R.Br.) Fries]
 n	[Spergularia salina J. & C. Presl var. salina]
saltmarsh sandspurry; Fr: spergulaire des marais salés.  Circumboreal (disj.); St. Pierre & Miquelon; hal.
		[=Arenaria rubra var. marina L.]
		[=Spergula salina (J. & C. Presl) D. Dietr.]
		[=Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb.]
		[=Tissa marina (L.) Britton]
 n	[Stellaria calycantha (Ledeb.) Bong.]
	northern bog starwort; Fr: stellaire calycanthe.  Arctic-alpine wUS.
		[=Arenaria calycantha Ledeb.]
		[=Alsine calycantha (Ledeb.) Rydb.]

Clusiaceae (or Hypericaceae)  St. John's-wort Family
 n	[Hypericum pulchrum L.]
slender St. Johnswort; Fr: millepertuis élégant.  Eurasian; intr. in St. Pierre & Miquelon.
 n	[Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf.]  
	Virginia marsh St. Johnswort; Fr: millepertuis de Virginie.  Coastal plain of eNA, disj. in Great Lakes.
		[=Hypericum virginicum L.]

Cornaceae  Dogwood Family
 n	[Cornus rugosa Lam.]
	roundleaf dogwood; Fr: cornouiller rugueux.   Temp. eNA.
		[=Cornus circinata L'Hér.]
 n	[Cornus unalaschkensis Ledeb.]
	cordilleran bunchberry; Fr: cornouiller d’Unalaska.  Cordilleran wNA.
		[=Chamaepericlymenum Xunalaschkense (Ledeb.) Rydb.]

Crassulaceae  Stonecrop Family
 n	[Sedum villosum L.]
	purple stonecrop; Fr: orpin pubescent.  Boreal amphi-Atlantic.
		[Labrador reports of Sedum villosum probably refer to the Côte-Nord, eQue.]
  
Elatinaceae  Waterwort Family
 n	[Elatine americana (Pursh) Arn.]
	American waterwort; Fr: élatine d'Amérique.  Temp. eNA
		[=Peplis americana Pursh]
		[=Elatine triandra Schkuhr var. americana (Pursh) Fassett]
  
[Empetraceae  - see Ericaceae]
  
Ericaceae  Heath Family s.l.  (including Empetraceae, Monotropaceae, and Pyrolaceae)
 n	[Arbutus unedo L.]
	strawberry tree; Fr: arbousier d’Europe.   European.
 n	[Corema conradii (Torr.) Torr. ex Loud.]
	broom crowberry; Fr: camarine de Conrad.  Coastal Plain of neNA.
		[=Empetrum conradii Torr.]
		[No herbarium specimens of Corema conradii are known from Nfld.  Fernald's 1911 account of seeing Corema conradii from the train on his first visit to Nfld. likely refers to Empetrum nigrum, common along the train route.
 n	[Kalmia latifolia L.]
	mountain laurel; Fr: kalmia à feuilles larges.  Temp. eNA.
  
Fabaceae  Pea Family
 n	[Oxytropis arctica R.Br.]
	arctic oxytrope; Fr: oxytropis arctique.  Arctic NA, nAsia.
		[=Oxytropis uralensis (L.) DC. var. arctica (R.Br.) Ledeb.]
 n	[Oxytropis maydelliana Trautv.]
	Maydell's oxytrope; Fr: oxytrope de Maydell.  Arctic NA & eAsia.
 n	[Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray]
	hairy vetch; Fr: vesce hérissée.  Eurasian; intr. in St. Pierre & Miquelon.
		[=Ervum hirsutum L.]
  
Hippocastanaceae - see Sapindaceae
  
Lamiaceae (or Labiatae)  Mint Family
 n	[Galeopsis ladanum L.]
	red hempnettle; Fr: galéopside ladanum.  Eurasian; intr. in St. Pierre & Miquelon.
 n 	[Stachys pilosa Nutt.]
	marsh hedgenettle; Fr: épiaire des marais.  Temp. NA, from Quebec westward.
		[=Stachys palustris L. subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling]
		[=Stachys palustris var. pilosa (Nutt.) Fernald]
		[Mulligan et al. (1983, 1989) report that Stachys pilosa is native to Quebec and westward, but absent from the rest of eastern Canada.]

Nymphaeaceae  Waterlily Family 
 n	[Nuphar microphylla (Pers.) Fernald]
	small yellow pondlily; Fr: petit nénuphar jaune.  Boreal eNA; aq.
		[=Nymphaea microphylla Pers.]
		[=Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith subsp. pumila (Timm) E.O. Beal]
		[=Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC.]
		[=Nymphaea lutea L. var. pumila Timm]
		[=Nymphozanthus microphyllus (Pers.) Fernald] - invalid genus
		[B. Hellquist (pers. comm.) reports no specimens of Nuphar microphylla from NF; a report from near Salmonier, eNfld., (GH) is unconfirmed.]

Onagraceae  Evening-Primrose Family
 n	[Circaea lutetiana L. subsp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus]
	broadleaf enchanter's nightshade; Fr: circée du Canada.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Circaea lutetiana var. canadensis L.]
		[=Circaea canadensis (L.) Hill]
		[=Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. & Savatier subsp. canadensis (L.) Á. & D. Löve]
		[=Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) H. Hara]
 n 	[Epilobium leptocarpum Hausskn. var. leptocarpum]
	Macoun's willowherb; Fr: épilobe à fruits étroites.  Boreal wNA.

Orobanchaceae  Broom-Rape Family s.l. (including hemiparasitic species formerly placed in the Scrophulariaceae)
 n	[Euphrasia mollis (Ledeb.) Wettst.]
	hairy eyebright; Fr: euphraise moelleuse.  Boreal wNA.
		[=Euphrasia officinalis L. var. mollis Ledeb.]
 n 	[Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff ex J.F. Lehm., 1809]
	stiff eyebright; Fr: euphraise dressée.  European, introduced in neNA.
		[=Euphrasia borealis sensu Fernald]
		[=Euphrasia brevipila Burnat & Gremli ex Wettst.]
		[=Euphrasia condensata Jord.]
		[=Euphrasia rigidula Jord. in F.W. Schultz]
		[=Euphrasia stricta Host. 1831, non Kunth in H.B.K., 1818] - nom. illeg.

Oxalidaceae  Oxalis Family
 n	[Oxalis incarnata L.]
	pink woodsorrel; Fr: oxalide incarnate.  Eurasian.

Phytolaccaceae  Pokeweed Family
 n	[Phytolacca americana L.]
	pokeweed; Fr: phytolaque d’Amérique.  Temp. eNA.

Plantaginaceae (Antirrhinaceae) Snapdragon Family (including the Callitrichaceae, Hippuridaceae, and non-hemiparasitic genera of the former Scrophulariaceae).
 n	[Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton]
	oldfield toadflax, blue toadflax; Fr: linaire du Canada.  Temp. NA.
		[=Antirrhinum canadense L.]
		[=Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum.-Cours.]
 n	[Veronica peregrina L.]
	purslane speedwell, neckweed; Fr: véronique voyageuse.  Temp. NA.

Polygonaceae  Buckwheat Family
 n	[Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub] 
	climbing bindweed, climbing false buckwheat; Fr: renouée grimpante.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Polygonum scandens L.] 
		[=Tiniaria scandens (L.) Small] 

 n	[Persicaria bistortoides (Pursh) H.R. Hinds]
	bistort knotweed, smokeweed; Fr: bistorte d'Amerique, renouée fausse-bistorte.  wNA.
		[=Polygonum bistortoides Pursh] 
 n 	[Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small]
	dotted smartweed; Fr: renouée ponctuée.  Temp. & Trop. NA, Asian.
		[=Polygonum punctatum Elliott]
 n	[Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn.]
	jumpseed, Virginia knotweed; Fr: renouée de Virginie.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Polygonum virginianum L.]
		[=Tovara virginiana (L.) Raf.]
 n	[Polygonum achoreum S.F. Blake]
	striate knotweed; Fr: renouée coriace.  Boreal NA.
 n	[Polygonum boreale (Lange) Small]
	northern knotweed; Fr: renouée boréale.  Coastal sGreenland and nwEurope; hal. 
		[=Polygonum aviculare L. subsp. boreale (Lange) T. Karlsson] 
		[=Polygonum aviculare var. boreale Lange]
 n	[Polygonum erectum L.] 
	erect knotweed; Fr: renouée dressée.  Temp.-Boreal NA.
		[=Polygonum aviculare L. subsp. erectum (L.) Schübler & Martens]
		[=Polygonum aviculare L. var. erectum (L.) Roth]
 n	[Rumex maritimus L.]
	golden dock; Fr: patience maritime, rumex maritime.  Temp.-Boreal NA, Eurasia.
		[Hultén reports Rumex maritimus for seNfld., but no confirmation has been found.]
 n	[Rumex patientia L.] 
	patience dock, garden patience. Fr: rumex patience.  Eurasian.

Primulaceae  Primrose Family
 n	[Anagallis tenella (L.) L.]
	bog pimpernel; Fr: mouron délicat.  European; intr. in St. Pierre & Miquelon.
		[=Lysimachia tenella L.]
 n	[Lysimachia quadrifolia L.]
	whorled yellow loosestrife; Fr: lysimaque à quatre feuilles.  Temp. eNA, calc.
 n	[Primula incana M.E. Jones]
	silvery primrose, mealy primrose; Fr: primevère blanchâtre.  wNA; calc.
		[=Primula americana Rydb.]
		[=Primula farinosa L. var. incana (M.E. Jones) Fernald]
		[=Primula farinosa subsp. incana (M.E. Jones) W.W. Smith. & Forrest]
 n	[Primula nutans Georgi] 
	arctic primrose, Siberian primrose; Fr: primevère penchée.  wNA, nAsia.
		[=Primula sibirica Jacq.] 

Ranunculaceae  Buttercup or Crowfoot Family
 n	[Actaea pachypoda Elliott]
	white baneberry, doll's-eyes; Fr: actée à gros pédicelles.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Actaea alba (L.) Mill.]
		[=Actaea spicata L. var. alba L.]
 n	[Aquilegia canadensis L.]
	Canadian columbine, red columbine; Fr: ancolie du Canada, gants de Notre-Dame.  Temp. eNA.
 n 	[Ranunculus flabellaris Raf.]
	yellow watercrowfoot; Fr: renoncule à éventails.  Temp. NA (disj.).
		[=Ranunculus delphiniifolius Torrey]

 n	[Thalictrum dioicum L.]
	early meadowrue; Fr: pigamon dioïque.  Temp. eNA.
 n	[Thalictrum venulosum Trelease]
	veiny meadowrue; Fr: pigamon veiné.  Boreal NA, mainly wNA; often calc.
		[=Thalictrum confine Fernald]
		[=Thalictrum turneri B. Boivin]
		[=Thalictrum venulosum var. confine (Fernald) B. Boivin]

Rosaceae  Rose Family
 n	[Agrimonia eupatoria L.]
	medicinal agrimony; Fr: aigremoine eupatoire.  Eurasian; intr. in eNfld.
 n	[Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm.]
	dewcup, common lady's mantle; Fr: alchémille vert jaunâtre.  European.
		[=Alchemilla pratensis auct. non F.W. Schmidt.]
		[=Alchemilla vulgaris auct. non L., subsp. pratensis sensu Gams in Hegi]
		[=Alchemilla vulgaris subsp. xanthochlora (Rothm.) O. Bolòs & Vigo]
 n	[Amelanchier arborea (F. Michx.) Fernald]
	downy serviceberry; Fr: amélanchier arborescent.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Mespilus arborea F. Michx.]
		[=Mespilus canadensis L. var. cordata Michx.]
 n	[Amelanchier sanguinea (Pursh) DC. var. sanguinea]
	roundleaf juneberry; Fr: amélanchier sanguin.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Pyrus sanguinea Pursh]
		[=Mespilus canadensis L. var. rotundifolia Michx.]
 n 	[Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch]
	fanleaf hawthorn; Fr: aubépine flabelliforme.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Mespilus flabellata Bosc ex Spach]
 n	[Crataegus irrasa Sarg.]
	Blanchard's hawthorn; Fr: aubépine pubérulente.  nTemp. eNA.
		[=Crataegus blanchardii Sarg.]
		[=Crataegus irrasa Sarg. var. blanchardii (Sarg.) Eggl.]
 n	[Crataegus jonesiae Sarg.]
	Jones' hawthorn; Fr: aubépine de Jones.  nTemp. eNA.
		[=Crataegus laurentiana Sarg.]
 n 	[Crataegus pruinosa (H.L. Wendl.) K. Koch]
	waxyfruit hawthorn, frosted hawthorn; Fr: aubépine à fruits cireux.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Mespilus pruinosa H.L. Wendl.]
 n	[Geum aleppicum Jacq.]
	yellow avens; Fr: benoîte d’Alep.   Circumboreal.
		[=Geum aleppicum Jacq. subsp. strictum (Aiton) R.T. Clausen]
		[=Geum aleppicum var. strictum (Aiton) Fernald]
		[=Geum strictum Aiton]
 n	[Geum triflorum Pursh]
	prairiesmoke; Fr: benoîte à trois fleurs.  Temp. wNA.
 n	[Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) K.R. Robertson & J.B. Phipps]
	red chokeberry; Fr: aronie à feuilles d’arbousier.  Coastal plain, eNA.
		[=Mespilus arbutifolia L.]
		[=Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. 1807, non Elliott 1821]
		[=Aronia arbutifolia var. glabra Elliott]
		[=Crataegus pyrifolia Lam.]
		[=Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f.]
		[Recent reports of Photinia pyrifolia from w/eNfld. refer to nursery stock.]
 n	[Potentilla canadensis L.]
	dwarf cinquefoil; Fr: potentille du Canada.  Temp. eNA.
 n 	[Potentilla hookeriana Lehm. subsp. chamissonis (Hultén) Hultén]
	Hooker's cinquefoil; Fr: potentille de Hooker.  Arctic NA, nwEurope; calc.
		[=Potentilla chamissonis Hultén]
		[=Potentilla nivea L. subsp. chamissonis (Hultén.) Hiitonen]
		[Labrador reports of Potentilla hookeriana subsp. chamissonis probably refer to nQue.]
 n	[Potentilla vahliana Lehm.]
	Vahl's cinquefoil; Fr: potentille de Vahl.  Arctic NA.
 n	[Prunus depressa Pursh]
	sand cherry; Fr: cerisier de sable.  Boreal NA.
		[Prunus pumilla L. var. depressa (Pursh) Bean]
 n	[Rosa blanda Aiton]
	smooth rosa; Fr: rosier inerme.  Boreal NA (disj.).
 n	[Rubus flagellaris Willd.]
	northern dewberry; Fr: ronce à flagelles.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Rubus arundelanus Blanch.]
		[=Rubus procumbens auct. non Mühl.]
 n	[Rubus setosus Bigelow]
	bristly blackberry; Fr: ronce sétuleuse.  nTemp. eNA.
		[=Rubus vermontanus]
 n	[XSorbaronia arsenii (Britton ex Arsène) G.N. Jones (Aronia arbutifolia X Sorbus decora)]
	Arsène's mountain ash; Fr: sorbier d’Arsène.   nTemp. eNA; St. Pierre & Miquelon.
		[=Pyrus arsenii (Britton ex Arsène) Arsène]
		[=Sorbus arsenii Britton ex Arsène]
n	[Sorbus sitchensis Roem.]
	western mountainash; Fr: sorbier de Sitka.  Boreal wNA.

Rubiaceae  Madder Family
 n	[Galium trifidum L. subsp. subbiflorum (Wiegand) Piper]
	threepetal bedstraw; Fr: gaillet trifide.  wNA.
		[=Galium trifidum var. subbiflorum Wiegand]
		[=Galium brandegeei A. Gray p.p.]
		[=Galium claytonii Michx. var. subbiflorum (Wiegand) Wiegand]
		[=Galium subbiflorum (Wiegand) Rydb.]
		[=Galium tinctorium (L.) Scop. var. subbiflorum (Wiegand) Fernald]
 n	[Houstonia caerulea L.]
	bluets; Fr: houstonie bleue.  Temp. eNA; intr. in St. Pierre & Miquelon.
		 [=Hedyotis coerulea (L.) Hook.]

Salicaceae  Willow Family
 n	[Salix alaxensis (Andersson) Coville]
	feltleaf willow; Fr: saule feutré.  Beringian.
		[=Salix speciosa Hook. & Arn. $ (var.) alaxensis Andersson in DC.]
		[Scoggan (1978) states that the inclusion of wLab in the range of Salix alexensis by Hultén (1943) is undoubtedly erroneous.]
 n	[Salix alba L. var. vitellina (L.) Stokes]
	golden willow; Fr: saule jaune.  Eurasian.
		[=Salix vitellina L.]
		[=Salix alba subsp. vitellina (L.) Arcang.]
		[=Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes cv. pendula]

		[Nfld. reports of Salix alba var. vitellina are unconfirmed (G.W. Argus, pers. comm., 1996).   Reports of S. vitellina from Labrador (Schrank 1818, E. Meyer 1830, Schlechtendal 1836) undoubtedly  refer to some other species (Scoggan 1978).  The cultivar cv. Pendula is the "weeping willow" commonly planted in nCanada, since the common weeping willow (Salix babylonica L.) is much less hardy in the north (Farrar 1995).]
 n	[Salix babylonica L.]
	weeping willow; Fr: saule de Babylone.  Eurasian.
 n	[Salix barclayi Andersson]
	Barclay’s willow; Fr: saule de Barclay.  Boreal wNA.
 n	[Salix brachycarpa Nutt.]
	barrenground willow; Fr: saule à fruits courts.  Boreal NA.
 n	[Salix caprea L.]
	goat willow; Fr: saule marsault.  Eurasian.
[Reports from NF by Rouleau (1956) were probably taken from reports by Bachelot de la Pylaie (1823), which refer to another species, such as S. bebbiana var. capreifolia (Scoggan 1978).]
 n	[Salix elaeagnos Scop.]
	elaegnus willow; Fr: saule drapé.  Eurasian.
 n	[Salix interior Rowlee]
	sandbar willow, Fr: saule de l'intérieur.  Boreal NA.
		[Hultén (1968) shows Salix interior in the Goose Bay area of Labrador.  Also, Reeks reported S. interior from Nfld. in 1873 (Scoggan 1978).  Both reports are unconfirmed (G.W. Argus, pers. comm., 1996).]
 n	[Salix Xlaurentiana Fernald (pro. sp.) (bebbiana or discolor X myricoides (glaucophylloides)] 
	Laurentian willow; Fr: saule laurentien.  Boreal eNA.
		[Salix Xlaurentiana is not confirmed from Lab., pers. comm., 1996, G.W. Argus.]
 n	[Salix monticola Bebb in Coult.]
	park willow; Fr: saule des montagnes.  Boreal swUS.
 n	[Salix pseudomonticola C.R. Ball in Standl.]
	false mountain willow; Fr: faux saule des montagnes.  Boreal wNA.
		[=Salix barclayi Andersson var. pseudomonticola (C.R. Ball) Kelso]
 n	[Salix richardsonii Hook.]
	Richardson's willow; Fr: saule de Richardson.  Arctic wNA & eAsia.
		[=Salix lanata L. subsp. richardonii (Hook.) A.K. Skvortsov]

Saxifragaceae  Saxifrage Family
 n	[Saxifraga Xgeum L. (pro sp.)  (hirsuta X umbrosa)]
	geum saxifrage, London Pride; Fr: saxifrage à feuilles de benoîte.  European.
		[=Micranthes Xgeum (L.) Small (pro sp.)]

Violaceae  Violet Family
 n	[Viola adunca Smith forma adunca]
	hooked violet; Fr: violette à éperon crochu.  Boreal NA.
 n 	[Viola canadensis L.]
	Canada violet; Fr: violette du Canada.  Boreal NA.

Monocots
Cyperaceae  Sedge Family
 n 	[Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. var. stans (Drej.) Boott]
	arctic water sedge; Fr: carex vertical.  Arctic circumpolar.
		[=Carex stans Drej.]
		[=Carex aquatilis Wahlenb. subsp. stans (Drej.) Hultén]
 n	[Carex argyrantha Tuckerman ex Wood]
	silvery hay sedge; Fr: carex argenté.  sBoreal eNA.
		[=Carex foenea Willd. var. perplexa L.H. Bailey]
 n	[Carex atlantica L.H. Bailey]
 	eastern sedge, prickly bog sedge; Fr: carex atlantique.  Coastal Plain of eNA.
		[=Carex incomperta E.P. Bicknell]
		[=Carex sterilis sensu Fernald, non Willd.]
 n	[Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita]
	fringed sedge; Fr: carex crépu.  Temp. eNA.
 n	[Carex festucacea Schkuhr ex Willd.]
	fescue sedge; Fr: carex fausse-fétuque.  Temp. eNA.
 n	[Carex filifolia Nutt.]
threadleaf sedge; Fr: carex à feuilles filiformes.  Temp.-Boreal wNA; calc.
		[=Carex elyniformis A.E. Porsild]
 n	[Carex Xhelvola Blytt ex Fries (pro. sp.) (bipartita [lachenalii] X canescens)]
		[Scoggan (1978) mentions this hybrid from NB, Que., and Nfld.; but no Nfld. specimens have been located.  He also states that Labrador reports (Britton & Brown, 1913) probably refer to the Cote-Nord, eQue., not sLab.]
 n	[Carex incurviformis Mackenzie in Rydb.] 
 	coastal sand sedge; Fr: carex incurviforme.  Arctic-alpine wNA (cordilleran).
[The coastal (halophytic) Carex maritima var. setina should not be considered synonymous with the western cordilleran C. incurviformis of alpine tundra (A. Reznicek, pers. comm., 1997).]
 n	[Carex lapponica O. Lang]
	Lapland sedge; Fr: carex de Laponie.  Circumpolar (very disj.).
		[=Carex canescens L. forma subloliacea (Laest.) Hartm.]
		[=Carex canescens var. subloliacea Laest.]
		[Although the Swedish Virtual Flora database (Naturhistoriska riksmuset,1996.) shows a wLab. distribution, J. Cayouette (pers. comm. 2/2000) has found that all North American reports of Carex lapponica south of 55°N are misidentifications.]
 n	[Carex lyngbyei Hornem.]
	Lyngbye's sedge; Fr: carex de Lyngbye.  Coastal amphi-Beringian, Iceland; hal.
		[=Carex cryptocarpa C.A. Meyer]
		[=Carex lyngbyei var. robusta (L.H. Bailey) B. Boivin 1967, non Cronquist 1969]
		[=Carex salinaWahlenb. var. robusta L.H. Bailey]
 n     [Carex marina Dewey subsp. marina]
	sea sedge; Fr: carex marin.  Arctic circumpolar.
		[=Carex amblyorhyncha V.I. Krecz.]
 n	[Carex muricata L.]
 	lesser prickly sedge, muricate sedge; Fr: carex hérisson.  European, intr. in Temp. eNA.
		[=Carex pairae F.W. Schultz]
		[=Carex stellulata auct. non Gooden.]
 n	[Carex obtusata Lilj.]
	blunt sedge; Fr: carex à fruits obtus.  wNA (prairies), Eurasia; calc.
 n	[Carex peckii Howe]
	Peck's sedge; Fr: carex de Peck.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Carex albicans auct. non Willd. ex Spreng.]
		[=Carex emmonsii Dewey var. elliptica Boott]
		[=Carex nigromarginata Schwein. var. elliptica (Boott) Gleason]
		[=Carex nigromarginata var. minor (Boott) Gleason]
		[=Carex varia Muhl. ex Willd. var. minor Boott in Hook.]
 n	[Carex petasata Dewey]
	Liddon's sedge; Fr: carex de Liddon.  Boreal wNA.
 n	[Carex Xpseudohelvola Kihlm. (pro.sp.) (canescens [curta] X mackenziei)] 
 		[This hybrid sedge is reported from Que. and N.B. (Scoggan 1978).]
		[=Carex Xhelvola auct. non Blytt]
		[Reports from sLab. are based on a collection from the Côte Nord, eQue. (Scoggan 1978).]
 n	[Carex retrorsa Schwein.]	
 	retrorse sedge; Fr: carex réfléchi.  Boreal NA.
 n	[Carex straminea Willd. ex Schkuhr]
	straw sedge; Fr: carex paille.  Temp. US.
		[=Carex richii (Fernald) Mackenzie]
		[=Carex tenera Dewey var. richii Fernald]
 n	[Carex Xsubreducta Lepage (bigelowii X salina)]
 		[This hybrid sedge is reported from Quebec and Ont. (Scoggan 1978).]
 n	[Carex Xsubstans Lepage (aquatilis X salina)]
 		[This hybrid sedge is reported from arctic NA (Scoggan 1978).]
 n	[Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. var. spaniocarpa (Steud.) B. Boivin]
	weak arctic sedge; Fr: carex prostré.  Arctic circumpolar; acid.
		[=Carex spaniocarpa Steud.]
		[=Carex supina subsp. spaniocarpa (Steud.) Hultén]
 n	[Carex tenera Dewey]
	quill sedge; Fr: carex faible.  Temp. NA.
		[=Carex straminea auct. non Willd.]
		[=Carex tenera var. echinoides (Fernald) Wiegand]
 n	[Carex torta Boott ex Tuckerman]
	twisted sedge; Fr: carex tordu.  Temp. eNA.
 n	[Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. ]
	blunt broom sedge ; Fr: carex tribuloïde.  Temp. eNA.
 n	[Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult.]
	blunt spikerush; Fr: éléocharide obtuse.  Temp. NA.
		[=Scirpus obtusus Willd.]
 n	[Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schult. var. tenuis]
	slender spikerush; Fr: éléocharide grêle.  Temp. NA.
		[=Scirpus tenuis Willd.]
		[=Eleocharis capitata sensu Blake, non (L.) R.Br.]
 n	[Eriophorum angustifolium Honckeny subsp. triste (Th. Fries) Hultén]
	tall cottongrass; Fr: linaigrette triste.  Arctic circumpolar (high arctic).
		[=Eriophorum angustifolium var. triste Th. Fries]
		[=Eriophorum triste (Th. Fries) Hada… & Á. Löve]
 n 	[Eriophorum Xmedium Andersson (pro sp.) (chamissonis [russeolum] X scheuchzeri)]
	medium cottongrass; Fr: linaigrette moyenne.  Eurasian.
 n	[Eriophorum vaginatum L. subsp. vaginatum]
	Eurasian hare's tail; Fr: linaigrette vaginée.  Arctic-alpine wNA, Eurasia.
 n	[Scirpus georgianus R.M. Harper]
	Georgia bulrush; Fr: scirpe de Georgie.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Scirpus atrovirens Willd. var. georgianus (R.M. Harper) Fernald]
 n	[Scirpus pallidus (Britton) Fernald]
	pale bulrush; Fr: scirpe pâle.  Temp. wNA.
		[=Scirpus atrovirens Willd. var. pallidus Britton]
 n	[Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & Thell.]
	Rolland's bulrush; Fr: scirpe de Rolland, triphophore nain.  Circumboreal (very disj. in NA, Europe); calc.
		[=Scirpus pumilus Vahl subsp. rollandii (Fernald) Raymond]
		[=Scirpus rollandii Fernald]
		[=Trichophorum rollandii (Fernald) Hultén]
		[Labrador reports of Trichophorum pumilum probably refer to reports from Knob Lake or Côte-Nord, eQue.]

Iridaceae  Iris Family
 n	[Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill.]
	narrowleaf blue-eyed grass; Fr: bermudienne à feuilles étroites.  Temp.-sBoreal eNA.
		[=Sisyrinchium bermudiana auct. non L.]
		[=Sisyrinchium graminoides E.P. Bicknell]

Juncaceae  Rush Family
 n	[Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. in Hoffm.]
	sharpflowered rush; Fr: jonc à fleurs aiguës.  Eurasian, nAfrican.
		[Newfoundland reports of Juncus acutiflorus probably refer to unverified 1827 reports by LaHarpe, which were repeated by later authors, or to collections from St. Pierre-et-Miquelon (GH).]
 n	[Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch.]
	smallhead rush; Fr: jonc à tête courte.  nTemp. eNA; calc.
 n	[Juncus capitatus Weigel]
	dwarf rush; Fr: jonc en tête.  European, nAfrican; intr. in sTemp. US.
		[NF reports of Juncus capitatus by Bachelot de la Pylaie, 1823, (Scoggan 1978) are unvalidated.]
 n 	[Juncus greenei Oakes & Tuckerman]
	Greene's rush; Fr: jonc de Greene.  Boreal neNA.
 n	[Juncus interior Wiegand]
	interior rush; Fr: jonc de l'intérieur.  Temp. interior NA.
 n	[Juncus triglumis L. var. triglumis]
	threeflowered rush; Fr: jonc triflore.  Circumpolar; calc.
		[Hultén's maps include the northern tip of Labrador in the range of Juncus triglumis var. triglumis, but verifying specimens have not been seen.]
 n	[Luzula acuminata Raf. var. carolinae (S.Watson) Fernald] 
	Carolina woodrush; Fr: luzule de la Caroline.  seUS.
		[=Luzula carolinae S.Watson]
		[=Juncoides carolinae (S.Watson) Kuntze]
 n	[Luzula arcuata (Wahlenb.) Swartz subsp. unalaschkensis (Buch.) Hultén]
	curved woodrush; Fr: luzule d'Unalaska.  Amphi-Beringian.
		[=Luzula arcuata var. unalaschkensis Buch.]
		[=Luzula beringensis Tolm.]
		[=Luzula confusa Lindeberg var. arctuata (Wahlenb.) Smith]
 n	[Luzula sudetica (Willd.) DC.]
	Sudetan woodrush; Fr: luzule des Sudètes.  European.
		[=Juncus sudeticus Willd.]
 n	[Luzula wahlenbergii Rupr.]
	Wahlenberg's woodrush; Fr: luzule de Wahlenberg.  Arctic-alpine circumpolar.

Lemnaceae Duckweed Family
 n 	[Lemna minor L.]
	small duckweed; Fr: lenticule mineure.  Temp. NA, wEurasia, Africa; St. Pierre & Miquelon
		[Hultén's (1968) distribution map for Lemna minor includes a small range in swNfld., as well as St. Pierre & Miquelon (GH).  Rouleau (1978) includes Lab. in the distribution of Lemna minor, but Dr. Elias Landolt, the author of the FNA Lemna treatment (FNA 2000), has seen no specimens from either Newfoundland or Labrador, and doubts the climate would support any more than an ephemeral introduction (E. Landolt, pers. comm., 1/28/2000).]

Melanthiaceae Melanthium Family  (formerly included in the Liliaceae)
 n	[Zigadenus elegans Pursh subsp. glaucus (Nutt.) Hultén]
	white camass, mountain deathcamass; Fr: zygadène glauque.  Boreal NA.
		[=Melanthium glaucum Nutt.]
		[=Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydb.]
		[=Zigadenus glaucus (Nutt.) Nutt.]

Orchidaceae  Orchid Family
 n	[Platanthera hyperborea (L.) Lindl.]
northern green orchid; Fr: platanthère hyperboréale.  Iceland.
		[=Orchis hyperborea L.]

		[=Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R.Br.]
		[=Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rydb.]
 n	[Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich.]
	white nodding ladies-tresses; Fr: spiranthe penchée.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Ophrys cernua L.]
		[=Ibidium cernuum (L.) House]
 n	[Spiranthes lacera (Raf.) Raf.]
	northern slender ladies-tresses; Fr: spiranthe découpée.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Neottia lacera Raf.]
 n	[Spiranthes ochroleuca (Rydb.) Rydb.]
	yellow nodding ladies-tresses; Fr: spiranthe jaunâtre.  nTemp. eNA.
		[=Gyrostachys ochroleuca Rydb.]

Poaceae  Grass Family
 n	[Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P.]
	winter bent, ticklegrass; Fr: agrostide d’hiver.  Temp. U.S.
		[=Cornucopiae hyemalis Walt.]
		[=Agrostis antecedens E.P. Bicknell]
		[=Agrostis canina L. var. hyemalis (Walt.) Kuntze]
 n	[Agrostis rossiae Vasey]
	Ross’s bent; Fr: agrostide de Ross.  wUSA (endemic to Yellowstone NP).
 n	[Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb. ex Roth) P.Beauv.]
	bearded shorthusk; Fr: brachyélytre dressée.  Temp. eNA, eAsia.
		[=Muhlenbergia erecta Schreb. ex Roth 1802, non J. Presl 1830]
		[=Dilepyrum erectum (Schreb. ex Roth) Farw.]
 n	[Bromus secalinus L.]
	cheat, chess; Fr: brome des seigles.  European.
		[=Bromus mollis L. var. secalinus (L.) Huds.]
 n	[Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould]
	starved panic grass, starved rosette grass; Fr: panic appauvri.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Panicum depauperatum Muhl.]
 n	[Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.]
	smooth crabgrass; Fr: digitaire astringente.  European.
		[=Panicum ischaemum Schreb. in Schweigg.]
		[=Digitaria glabra (Schrad.) P.Beauv. 1812, non Roem. & Schult. 1817]
		[=Panicum glabrum (Schrad.) Gaudin]
		[=Syntherisma glabrum Schrad.]
		[=Syntherisam ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash]
 n	[XElyleymus aristatus (Merr.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey  (Elymus elymoides X Leymus triticoides)]
	purple wildrye; Fr: élyme pourpre.  Boreal wNA.
		[=Elymus aristatus Merr.]
		[=Elymus glaucus Buckl. var. aristatus (Merr.) A.S. Hitchc.]
		[=XElysitanion aristatum (Merr.) Bowden]
 n	[Elymus alaskanus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve subsp. alaskanus]
	Alaskan wildrye; Fr: élyme d'Alaska. Fr: élyme de l'Alaska.  Arctic-alpine wNA.
		[=Agropyron alaskanum Scribn. & Merr.]
		[=Agropyron boreale (Turcz.) Drobov subsp. alaskanum (Scribn. & Merr.) Melderis]
		[=Agropyron boreale var. alaskanum (Scribn. & Merr.) S.L.Welsh]
 n	[Elymus hystrix L.]
	bottlebrush grass; Fr: élyme étalé.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millsp.]
		[A Nfld. report of Elymus hystrix by Reeks 1873 (Scoggan 1978) is unvalidated.]
 n	[Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Smith) Gould]

	streambank wheatgrass; Fr: agropyre velu, élyme lancéolé.  wNA.
		[=Agropyron lanceolatum Scribn. & J.G. Smith]
 n 	[Elymus Xpseudorepens (Scribn. & J.G. Smith) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey (pro. sp.) (lanceolatus x  trachycaulus)] 
	false quackgrass; Fr: élyme faux-chiendent.  Boreal wNA. 
		[=Agropyron pseudorepens Scribn. & J.G. Smith]
		[=Elymus pseudorepens (Scribn. & J.G. Smith) Gould]
 n	[Festuca hyperborea Holmen ex Frederiksen] 
	northern fescue; Fr: fétuque hyperboréale.  Arctic eNA, Greenland.
		[=Festuca brachyphylla sensu Schol., non Schult. ex Schult. & Schult.f.]
 n	[Festuca trachyphylla (Hack.) Krajina]
	hard fescue; Fr: fétuque à feuilles rudes.  Temp. European; widely introduced in the U.S. as a lawn grass.
		[=Festuca ovina L. subsp. eu-ovina var. duriuscula subvar. trachyphylla Hack.]
		[=Festuca brevipila R. Tracey]
		[=Festuca duriuscula hort., auct. non L.]
		[=Festuca ovina var. duriuscula sensu Rouleau, 1978, non (L.) W.D.J. Koch]
		[=Festuca trachyphylla Hack. ex Druce] - nom. nud.
		[Some databases (i.e., GRIN) treat Festuca brevipila as the accepted name and consider Festuca trachyphylla to be a nom. illeg.  The type of Festuca duriuscula L. (the traditional name for hard fescue) is referred to the Festuca rubra group.  The name Festuca glauca Lam. is often applied to blue forms of Festuca trachyphylla and Festuca filiformis (Aiken et al. 1996+).]
 n 	[Festuca vivipara (L.) Smith subsp. vivipara]
	viviparous fescue; Fr: fétuque vivipare.  eGreenland, nEurasia.
		[=Festuca ovina L. var. vivipara L.]
		[=Festuca supina Schur subsp. vivipara (L.) K. Richt.]
 n	[Hierochloë pauciflora R.Br.]
	arctic sweetgrass; Fr: hiérochloé pauciflore.  Arctic circumpolar (disj.).
		[=Anthoxanthum arcticum Veldkamp]
		[=Savastana pauciflora (R.Br.) Scribn.]
 n	[Leersia oryzoides (L.) Swartz]
	rice cutgrass; Fr: léersie fauz-riz.  Temp.-Trop. NA, Europe, nAfr.
		[=Phalaris oryzoides L.]
		[=Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Haller 1768, non Pollich 1776]
		[The Nfld. report of Leersia oryzoides by Reeks 1873 (Scoggan 1978) remains unvalidated.]
 n	[Leersia virginica Willd.]
	whitegrass; Fr: léersie de Virginie.  Temp. eNA.
		[=Homalocenchrus virginica (Willd.) Britt.]
		[The Nfld. report of Leersia virginica by Reeks 1873 (Scoggan 1978) remains unvalidated.]
 n	[Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench]
	purple moorgrass; Fr: molinie bleue.  European.
		[=Aira coerulea L.]
		[Bachelot de la Pylaie reported Molinia caerulea from boggy barrens on the west coast of Nfld., but neither Fernald nor subsequent explorers have located it (Fernald 1933:137); however, it is verified from St. Pierre & Miquelon.]
 n	[Piptatherum pungens (Torr. ex Spreng.) Barkworth]
	short-awn mountainrice; Fr: oryzopsis piquant.  Boreal NA.
		[=Milium pungens Torr. ex Spreng.]
		[=Oryzopsis pungens (Torr. ex Spreng.) A.S. Hitchc.]
 n	[Poa abbreviata R.Br.]
	northern bluegrass, low speargrass; Fr: pâturin court.  Arctic circumboreal; often calc.
		[An 1888 collection of Poa abbreviata by Macoun from Port Bowen, Lab., has not been confirmed.]
 n	[Poa alsodes A. Gray]
	grove bluegrass; Fr: pâturin des bosquets.  Temp. eNA; intr. in St. Pierre & Miquelon.
 n	[Poa laxa Haenke in Jirásek, non Lam. subsp. flexuosa (Smith) Hyl.]
	wavy meadowgrass; Fr: pâturin flexueux.  European.
		[=Poa flexuosa Smith]
		[=Poa laxa var. flexuosa (Smith) Hartm.]
 n	[Poa macrocalyx Trautv. & C.A. Meyer]
	largeglume bluegrass; Fr: pâturin à glumes larges.  Beringian.
		[=Poa hispidula Vasey]
 n	[Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Rand & Redf. 1894, non Nash 1895]
	northern alkali-grass; Fr: puccinellie étroite.  Arctic, circumpolar.
		[=Poa angustata R.Br.]
		[=Atropis angustata (R.Br.) Griseb. 1853, non V.I. Krecz. 1934]
		[=Glyceria angustata (R.Br.) Fries]
		[=Phippsia angustata (R.Br.) Á. & D. Löve]
 n	[Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. subsp. distans]
	spreading alkali-grass; Fr: puccinellie à fleurs distantes.  European; St. Pierre & Miquelon; hal., calc.
		[=Poa distans Jacq.]
		[=Glyceria distans (Jacq.) Wahlenb.]
 n	[Puccinellia maritima (Huds.) Parl.]
	goose grass, seaside alkali-grass; Fr: puccinellie maritime.  Coastal amphi-Atlantic; St. Pierre & Miquelon; hal.
		[=Poa maritima Huds.]
		[=Glyceria maritima (Huds.) Wahlenb. 1820, non Mertens & Koch 1823]
 n	[Puccinellia tenella (Lange) Holmb. ex Porsild  s.st.]
	tundra alkali-grass, poor puccinellia; Fr: puccinellie délicate.  Coastal amphi-Beringian; hal.
		[=Glyceria tenella Lange]
		[=Puccinellia langeana (Berlin) T. Sørensen subsp. asiatica T. Sørensen]
 n	[Torreyochloa pallida (Torr.) Church subsp. pallida var. pallida]
	pale false mannagrass; Fr: glycérie pâle.  Temp. eNA, eAsia.
		[=Windsoria pallida Torr.]
		[=Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin.]
		[=Puccinellia pallida (Torr.) R.T. Clausen 1952, non T. Koyama 1987]

Potamogetonaceae  Pondweed Family
 n	[Potamogeton groenlandicus Hagström]
	Greenland pondweed; Fr: potamot du Groenland.  Greenland; aq.
		[=Potamogeton pusillus L. subsp. groenlandicus (Hagström) Böcher]
 n	[Potamogeton illinoensis Morong]
	Illinois pondweed; Fr: potamot de l’Illinois.  Temp.-Trop. NA S to SA; aq.
		[=Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb.]
 n	[Potamogeton nodosus Poir. in Lam.]
	longleaf pondweed; Fr: potamot noeux.  Temp. NA, S to SA, Eurasia; aq.
 n	[Potamogeton pusillus L. subsp. pusillus]
	small pondweed; Fr: potamot nain.  Temp.-Circumboreal, sHemisphere; aq.
		[=Potamogeton panormitanus Biv.]
 n	[Stuckenia filiformis (Pers.) Börner subsp. filiformis]
	threadleaf pondweed; Fr: potamot filiforme.  Circumpolar (disj.); aq., calc.
		[=Potamogeton filiformis Pers.]

 n	[Stuckenia vaginata (Turcz.) Holub]
	bigsheath pondweed; Fr: potamot engainé.  Boreal wNA, Eurasia; aq., calc.
		[=Potamogeton vaginatus Turcz.]

Sparganiaceae  Burreed Family
 n	[Sparganium erectum L.]
 	greenfruited burreed; Fr: rubanier dressé.  Europe, wAsia, nAfr.; aq.

Tofieldiaceae Tofieldia Family  (formerly included in the Liliaceae)
 n	[Tofieldia coccinea Richards.]
	northern tofieldia; Fr: tofieldie septentrionale.  Circumpolar (disj.); calc.